Geoffrey Chaucer, known as the “Father of English literature,” wrote during the Middle English period, specifically in the 14th century. His most famous work, The Canterbury Tales, showcases the richness and complexity of his language. Chaucer’s language is not modern English, but it isn’t Old English either—it belongs to the transitional phase known as Middle English. This unique linguistic period makes his works fascinating for both literature lovers and language scholars. The features of Chaucer’s language reflect the dynamic and evolving nature of English at the time. Below are some key characteristics:
1. Use of Middle English
Chaucer wrote in Middle English, a form of English used roughly between 1150 and 1500. This was a time of great linguistic change, especially after the Norman Conquest in 1066, which brought a large number of French words into the English vocabulary. Chaucer’s language reflects this mix. His writing contains a blend of Anglo-Saxon (Old English) roots and French (Norman) influences. For instance, simple words like “king” and “strong” have Anglo-Saxon origins, while words like “court,” “virtue,” and “honour” come from French.
2. Rich Vocabulary
One of Chaucer’s strengths was his wide and diverse vocabulary. He used words from various sources, including Latin, French, and Old English. This allowed him to express complex ideas, emotions, and descriptions with great subtlety and variety. He could describe lofty spiritual matters, as in the Parson’s Tale, and also use crude or humorous language in the Miller’s Tale. This range of vocabulary helped him to capture the voices of characters from all levels of society.
3. Pronunciation and Spelling
During Chaucer’s time, English spelling was not standardized. As a result, words could be spelled in different ways, even within the same text. For example, the word “knight” could appear as “knyght,” “knyȝt,” or “knight.” The pronunciation of many words was also quite different from today. Silent letters in modern English, like the “k” in “knight,” were pronounced in Chaucer’s time. His verse often depended on these pronunciations for rhyme and meter to work properly.
4. Use of Dialect
Chaucer used the East Midland dialect of Middle English, which was spoken in London and its surrounding areas. This dialect eventually became the foundation for modern Standard English. Because Chaucer was writing in this form, his works were more widely understood and appreciated by readers from various parts of England. His choice helped elevate this dialect to prominence in English literature and later, in English speech.
5. Rhyme and Rhythm
Chaucer was a master of poetic form. He often used a form called rhymed couplets, where pairs of lines end with rhyming words. He also used iambic pentameter—a rhythmic pattern of ten syllables per line, alternating between unstressed and stressed syllables. This style was innovative in English poetry at the time and helped to make his verses musical and pleasing to read or hear. Chaucer’s skillful use of meter and rhyme gave structure to his tales and made them more engaging.
6. Wordplay and Humor
Chaucer was known for his clever use of language. He often played with words to create puns, double meanings, or humorous effects. In The Canterbury Tales, he uses irony, satire, and exaggeration to expose human flaws and social hypocrisy. This kind of linguistic creativity made his writing not just entertaining but also insightful.
7. Influence of French and Latin
Since Chaucer was well-educated and had traveled extensively, especially in France and Italy, his works were influenced by Latin and French literary styles. Many of his poetic techniques and storytelling structures came from European models, particularly French romances and Italian tales by authors like Boccaccio. His language reflects these influences, combining native English with continental elegance.
8. Flexibility and Innovation
Chaucer did not shy away from experimenting with language. He would invent new expressions, adapt foreign words, and reshape syntax to fit his needs. This willingness to experiment contributed to the evolution of English, making it more adaptable and expressive.